Micro$oft.com in the new look

In an earlier post i said Micro$oft will be redesigned..
well.. they made it finally.. Check here..

They say: "On December 14 we introduced a new home page for Microsoft.com. The new page incorporates months of research, testing, customer feedback, and refinements. We hope the new page makes it easier to find what you’re looking for on Microsoft.com, and that you find new items of interest along the way."

Read here!

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Global Security

The entire planet has access to the internet..
That means the entire planet has access to your computer system..

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Computers Computers Computers

*A refund for defective software might be nice, except it would bankrupt the entire software industry in the first year..

*Computers make it easier to do a lot of things, but most of the things they make it easier to do don't need to be done..

*The computer allows you to make mistakes faster than any other invention..

*Computers are useless. They can only give you answers..

*The only thing more powerful than the system, is the man that will overthrow it..

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Fedora Core 6 [Zod] Is Released

This is the announcement of Zod. Zod permits you to call him "Fedora Core 6".

Tremble, Earthlings, for Zod is released from the confines of testing. Zod intends to hammer the servers of the world ... For those who chose the world-domination-acceptance package in your last installation, you need do nothing -- Zod is beaming itself to your computers already. If your keyboard begins to get hot, back away ... very ... slowly ...

For the rest of you minions who failed to do Zod's bidding previously, this is your ONE AND ONLY CHANCE to redeem yourself. Go quickly! Download the torrent NOW. Obtain the ISO immediately. Zod's minions know to back up their /home directory and to begin immediate installation of the GREATEST version of Fedora Core EVER.

Zod accepts that the Fedora Project continues to provide software and security updates for Bordeaux [FC5], as per the policy of Zod's minions. Zod chooses to permit this action to continue.

Those who would understand Zod must begin here:

• Download Fedora Core 6 [Zod]
• Fedora Core 6 Release Summary
• Fedora Core 6 Release Notes

Massive downloading of Zod is known to melt servers worldwide. Hurry!

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Back To Work

Eid el Fitr has ended.. plus an extra day as vacation.. i return back to work today..

With a new start after the vacation, i hope i evolve more..

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Happy Eid el Fitr For All Of Us

I congratulate my entire Islamic nation with Eid el Fitr el Mobarak..

happy eating Kahk all of us.. but don't eat much ;)..

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Firefox 2 to Launch Tomorrow's Afternoon

Are you ready? We're working on the final details now, and will be finalizing the Web site updates over the weekend. Special thanks to everyone from the SFX community who has helped out with testing, marketing and outreach programs.

Source: Spread Firefox

Sneak a peek at the next generation Firefox browser:

• Release Notes
• Download FF 2.0 RC 3

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The Matrix: The Future Will Not Be User Friendly

The Matrix, my favorite movie ever.. is [#34] of the IMBD Top 250 movies as voted by users..
The movie has a rating of [8.5] from votes of [189,223] users..

The Matrix is produced on (1999) with a budget of $63,000,000 and earned $631,000,000..

The film:
A computer hacker Thomas Anderson has lived a relatively ordinary life--in what he thinks is the year 1999--until he is contacted by the enigmatic Morpheus who leads him into the real world. In reality, it is 200 years later, and the world has been laid waste and taken over by advanced artificial intelligence machines. The computers have created a false version of 20th-century life--the "Matrix"--to keep the human slaves satisfied, while the AI machines draw power from the humans. Anderson, pursued constantly by "Agents" (computers who take on human form and infiltrate the Matrix), is hailed as "The One" who will lead the humans to overthrow the machines and reclaim the Earth..

Awards: The Matrix won 4 Oscars.. another 28 wins & 35 nominations..

• IMBD Top 250 movies [#34]
• The Matrix @ IMDB
• The Matrix @ Wikipedia
• The Matrix Trilogy
• Matrix Fictional Universe
• List of programs and machines in the Matrix series

Unfortunately, no one can be told what the Matrix is. You have to see it for yourself..

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Half Of Domain-Name Servers Are Open To Attack

Half of the web's domain name servers are wrongly configured, leaving companies and large sections of the internet infrastructure open to attack. Infoblox, a developer of security appliances, and The Measurement Factory, a performance testing company, have just released their "2006 DNS Report Card". DNS servers map domain names into IP addresses, directing users’ internet inquiries to the appropriate location.

Should an organization’s DNS systems fail, all internet functions, including e-mail, web access, e-commerce and extranets become unavailable. The DNS survey was based on a scanned sample of systems consisting of almost 80 million DNS devices, or 5% of the main IP version 4-based devices being used on the internet. The survey found that 50% of DNS servers allow recursive name services – a form of name resolution that often requires a name server to relay requests to other name servers.

This leaves many networks vulnerable to pharming attacks and enables their servers to be used in DNS amplification attacks that can take down important DNS infrastructure, said the two companies.

In addition, more than 29% of DNS servers surveyed allow zone transfers to arbitrary queries, enabling duplication of an entire segment of an organization’s DNS data from one DNS server to another, and leaving them easy targets for denial of service attacks.

Source: ComputerWeekly

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Upgrading My Blogger To Blogger Beta

I'm upgrading my existing Blogger to the new Beta Blogger..

They have extremely fascenating features..

It worth the update folks..

U may encounter some features to malfunction during the upgrade.. but soon, the blog will be fully functional with the new cool tools..

Try Blogger Beta for urslef..

Check out the new version of Blogger (in beta)
Migrate from old blogger to new blogger
http://www.blogger.com/migrate-login.g

Beta Tour
http://beta.blogger.com/tour_start.g
http://www.blogger.com/beta-tour.g

Create a blog on Blogger Beta
http://beta.blogger.com/signup.g

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Micro$oft.com Redesigned

In early November Micro$oft plans to release the new design of the Micro$oft.com home page to the general public.

They must be hiding some AJAX scripting to make it so discreet.

I guess we’ll all know in early November when it launches.

http://www.microsoft.com/about/mspreview/default.mspx

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Micro$oft updates their website favicon

Micro$oft has updated their website in the most subtle ways possible, by adding a new favicon..

The new favicon portrays the letter "M" negatively imposed on a blue background, thought to be similar to the blue color from the website header..

The favicon is only limited to 256 colors, it is unknown why Micro$oft did not generate a full color icon instead of the 256 colors icon which cannot accurately recreate the blue used on the rest of the website..

Source: http://www.istartedsomething.com/20061012/microsoft-favicon/

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Problem Solving Techniques

Every programmer learns something new everyday..
Here's what we r going to learn today:

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12 Lessons for Those Afraid of CSS and Standards

The cries of frustration I hear from other developers about CSS are only an echo of the ones I made for years. As a result I like to think that I can relate, and I’m writing to convey the most important lessons I’ve learned so far.

Lessons:
1. Everything you know is wrong.. sort of..
2. It’s not going to look exactly the same everywhere unless you’re willing to face some grief..
3. You will be forced to choose between the ideal and the practicable..
4. Perfection is not when there’s nothing to add, but when there’s nothing to take away..
5. Some sites are steaming heaps of edge cases..
6. Longer lead times are inevitable..
7. Coherent and sensible source order is the best of Good Things..
8. Descendant selectors are the beginning and end of genuinely powerful CSS rules..
9. In the real world, stylesheet hacks will get your project across the finish line..
10. Working around rendering bugs is like playing Whack-a-Mole..
11. When you’re drowning in CSS layout problems, make sure of the width and height of the water, float without putting up a struggle, and get clear of the problems..
12. Background images will make the difference between the plain and the tastefully embellished..

Source: A List Apart

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Don't Make Me Think

Never been in a meeting like that. The solution to this problem, by the way, is usability testing. Imagine that: making decisions based on actual data instead of never ending, last man standing filibuster style religious debates. Revolutionary!

Source: Coding Horror

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Happy Birthday Google

Google's 8th birthday..
September 7, 2006..
After 20 days the cake appears..

Happy Birthday Google..
Enjoy a future of achievments..
Enjoy conquering ur competitors..

Google now is:
- One of the 5 most popular sites on the Internet and is used around the world by millions of people..
- Have 380 million global unique users per month..
- Number of employees worldwide: 7,942 full-time employees as of June 30, 2006..

Google headquarters:
1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
Mountain View, CA 94043
Telephone: +1.650.253.0000
Fax: +1.650.253.0001
www.google.com

Know more about Google history..
Check the company overview..

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Participate In Google User Experience Research

Now u can share Google its success..

Sign up to participate in a Google user experience research study..
and YES, you would get paid! [$75/hr]

The more information you give Google in the form, the easier it is for them to match you to a suitable study, and the

More likely it is that you'll be invited to participate.

Then take a 5-steps form to identify ur strengths..
and wait for their call..

u can participate using one of the following methods [when Google calls u]:
- At a Google office..
- Remote usability study: from ur computer..
- Field study: Google researcher comes to u..
- Online survey: answer questions on the web or email..

Participate Now
FAQ

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Ramadan Kareem

Ramadan is the name of the ninth month in the Hijri calendar. The religious observances of Ramadan occur throughout the entire Islamic calendar month. The calendar month Ramadan, 2006 (1427 AH), according to Saudi Authorities began on September 23 and will end on October 23. Other nations started a day later..

The Qur'an started sent down to the earth during this month. The entire month is spent fasting from dawn to dusk. Fasting during this month is often thought to figuratively burn away all sins. Furthermore, the Prophet Muhammad told his followers that the gates of Heaven would be open all the month and the gates of Hell would be closed. The first day of the after Ramadan is spent in great celebrations and rejoicings and is observed as the 'Festival of Breaking Fast' or 'Eid ul-Fitr'..

I've provided some useful links to know more about Ramadan and the great gifts that we can have for free from God..
Allah [God], Qur'an, Islam, Arabic, Hijri, Mosque, Muslim, Ramadan, Fajr, Maghrib, Fanoos [Ramadan Lantern], Fasting, Sawm, Salat [Prayer], Prophet Muhammad, Aqidah [Basic Muslim Beliefs], Laylat al-Qadr, Tarawih, Suhoor, Eid ul-Fitr..

Also check this good blog: Ramadan Kareem..

Happy Ramadan Everyone..
Ramadan Kareem..

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Computer Science Is No More About Computers Than Astronomy Is About Telescopes

"Computer Science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes."

- E. W. Dijkstra

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Ten Products Google Should Develop

From Mark Otuteye @ Google Watch,
Check the Ten Products Google Should Develop @:
http://www.markotuteye.com/google.htm

+ Info about Real Google Products..
+ Recent Acquisitions..
+ Google Business Stuff..
+ More Google links..

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World Firefox Day

World Firefox Day gives everyone who uses and loves Firefox the chance to introduce Firefox to one other person they care about. If your friend starts using Firefox on or before September 15, 2006, both of you will be recognized on the Firefox Friends Wall, and in Firefox 2.

What exactly is the Firefox Friends Wall?
The Firefox Friends Wall is a digital wall that will display the names of everyone who participates in Firefox Day.

Just visit http://www.worldfirefoxday.com and fill out the nomination form. Once we confirm your email address, you’ll be able to send a message to your friend inviting them to download Firefox.

If both you and your friend opt-in to have your names included, they’ll add your names to an interactive Firefox friends display that will be accessible from within Firefox 2.

When will Firefox 2 be available?
Mozilla is currently planning to ship Firefox 2 in the fall of 2006.

http://www.worldfirefoxday.com/
http://www.worldfirefoxday.com/en/faq.php

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Hit By A Car

It's a very strange feeling..

Yesterday after i got out of my work.. i stuck in the transportations.. there was alot of suffer going home.. and since i don't know the area yet, i stuck more and more..

After alot of time waste and annoyance, i met a kind man who guides me to locate my way correctly..

When he was guiding me, and when i was walking beside him in the very corner of the platform.. suddenly i felt like a very solid hard thing pushing me forward.. and the kind man shouted very loud.. and i felt myself fly forward in the air.. and i felt my body take a very strange shape while flying.. my head was behind me and my legs were skewed back..

Fortunately, thanx God, i dropped down standing on my legs.. standing without any feelings of any kind..
i looked behind [thinking what pushed me is a man] and surprised that it was a CAR..
i found myself away from it by 2 or 3 meters.. oh God.. did i really fly all this distance??!

I was confused and disbelieving.. i always believed that these things happen to others only..
but this was very close..

I was shocked, the kind man stayed with me sometime until i returned back to the real DAMN world..

Now i'm writing to u after a few hours and i feel a little pain in my back bones from the hit.. but i think everything is ok..

It was a very very strange experience.. i tremble when i think that right now i may not be here writing this post to u.. instead i may be broken in the hospital or died!.. thanx God, thanx God, thanx God..

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In The New Job

After alot of searching, filtration and 100s of interviews during the last few months..

Finally, I'm proud to say: Today is my first day in the new job..

i feel stable and comfort in my 1st day which is a good sign to me, because i didn't feel such feelings from the 1st day in my previous jobs..

i hope it to be an opportunity to proove and evolve my computing ever-hunger desire..

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Lorem Ipsum

From Tarek Amr blog:

What is Lorem Ipsum?
Why do we use it?
Where does it come from?
and more @
http://gr33ndata.blogspot.com/2006/08/lorem-ipsum.html

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First and Second Arabic Wikipedia Days

- First Arabic Wikipedia day happened on Saturday August 26, 2006

- Second Arabic Wikipedia day is proposed on Saturday September 30, 2006

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Arabic Wikipedia Day

Share your knowledge today August 26, 2006..

The Idea:
* A full-day job [24 hours] where interested volunteers gather together to contribute to the writing of the Arabic Wikipedia..

* Put up a list of articles to be created or updated or corrected and the volunteer work on the essays or articles of particular importance to him..

* Each volunteer can be involved from home, but all together are virtually gathered in one chat room
( IRC #wikipedia-ar@irc.freenode.org )

Why?
Arabic Wikipedia probably suffer from a severe shortage of content compared to lesser known languages, and spoken by a limited number of people. A large proportion of the pages of Arabic Wikipedia probably be imperfect and incomplete, and may not contain more than a few words. Therefore, we aim of this idea is to encourage people to participate in the Arabic Wikipedia and dissemination of the idea as much as possible..

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Be Smarter Than U R

While searching the Web for PHP code snippets, i found this interesting one:

if( you == smart ) {
    languages += "php";
}

sure thing this snippet is:
- a piece of art
- extremely fast
- secure
- cross-platform
- cross-browser
- easy to learn
- cheaper to host
- can be compiled using Zend Accelerator for more extra speed
[most developers know NOTHING about this point]

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Important Programming Truths

This page contains a number of important programming truths that every programmer should know about. These truths are self-evident, and need no explanations.

If it compiles, it works.

If it compiles, it's correct.

If it runs, it doesn't have any bugs.

If it doesn't have any immediately obvious bugs, it's perfect.

If a bug doesn't show, it doesn't exist.

If it seems to work, it works.

Doing something right is easy. Avoiding errors only takes a bit of concentration.

The shorter the source code, the faster the program.

It's obvious how to optimize a program.

Prorammers don't make mistakes.

Run-time errors don't occur.

Users don't make mistakes.

I don't make mistakes.

Errors of any kind are rare.

Error handling can be done in version 2.

It's OK to crash on bad input.

It's OK to give incorrect output on bad input.

Portability isn't useful.

All the world's a VAX. Or, these days, an MS-DOS box.

The length of the feature list is important.

Speed is good, features are better.

Slowness can be fixed in hardware.

The bigger a program is, the better it is.

Random changes to a program fix bugs.

Testing takes only a short while.

Finding bugs is easy. Fixing bugs is trivial.

Bug-fixes don't need to be tested.

Trivial changes of any kind don't need to be tested.

The first approach, idea, or version is always the best.

A 1% crash rate is actually pretty damn good.

Code is self-evident. Comments aren't needed.

Comments are meant for people other than the original author of the code.

Undocumented features are fun and useful.

It can always be fixed in the next version.

Surprised users are happy users.

Demonstrating for clients is the best debugging method.

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Extremely Busy

I'm very very busy these days..

I even don't have any time for blogging anymore..

But i'll try to post some articles when possible..
In fact, i'm preparing right now 2 interesting articles about:
- [Internet Censorship]
- [Insecurity of the Internet's Communications Routing (Infrastructure-Systems)]

Well, what keeps me busy alot is that i'm beginning a massive upgrade in my mind knowledge-base.. i'm reading 4 books for now and preparing for the 5th..

1. Pragmatic Ajax - A Web 2.0 Primer
2. Wrox - Beginning PHP, Apache, MySQL Web Development
3. Wrox - Professional PHP Programming
4. Yacoubian Building

5. The Da Vinci Code
[(for 4 & 5) can anyone provide me with the movies, or at least a web link to download them?]

Sure thing not all of them r code.. or i'd kill myself.. there should be some fun, some art..

Alot of freelance work will begin soon.. i won the bidding on a new and BIG 2 projects.. i'll start coding them next Saturday July 22, 2006.. 1000s of lines of self-learning code will be written..

So, reading-coding, coding-reading.. this is what i'll be seen doing the next period.. God help me..

See u soon! :'(

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GahooYoogle

Like Google? Like Yahoo?
No problem
Try the power of Yahoo & Google combined in one place..

Why to use GahooYoogle?
Save your time, get more results in less time.
Your search will be faster and more reliable.

How to remember the name and spelling of GahooYoogle?
A little "poem", you will never forget GahooYoogle:
Write Yahoo then Google
Make the Y and G Toggle
Never forget GahooYoogle

http://www.gahooyoogle.com/

Enjoy Using GahooYoogle Experience!

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Google Machine Translation System

Google gave journalists a glimpse of its next generation machine translation system at a May 19th Google Factory Tour. The system has been trained using the United Nations Documents as a corpus. This corpus is some 200 billion words worth of content. It uses existing source and target language translations (done by human translators at the U.N.) to find patterns it then uses to build rules for translating between those languages. Apparently it was successful where the current version had failed in translating certain phrases. If anyone were capable of making a serious go of MT, that would have to be Google..

Google has improved the algorithms for its MT program by feeding its computers the equivalent of 1 million books of text, using sources such as parallel translations of United Nations documents..

The results were very impressive, not the stupid machine translation you see on the Internet, which isn't really good..

Today, nearly every translation service offered on the Web - AOL, Alta Vista, Babblefish, even Google's - is powered by translation technology developed by Systran. The company, based in San Diego and Paris, has been involved in MT for more than 30 years. Each day, it translates more than 25 million Web pages..

The question is: what will they do with the new Google translator – where will they integrate it – and what side-effects would it have? If via Google we get our universal language, would that resolve many global problems by fostering cross-cultural understanding? Here is a speculative list of translation applications Google might implement; the key is auto-translation:
The Google Translation Service
The Google Browser
The Google Instant Messenger GIM
The Google Babelfish

-- Read More Here..
-- The machines do the translating [Google Blog]..
-- NIST 2005 Machine Translation Evaluation Official Results..
-- What is Machine Translation (MT)? [SYSTRAN Website]..

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Google Translate Arabic

Now Google Translate is available in [Arabic/English] and [English/Arabic]..

Give it a try!

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Defeated By A PDA

A friend of mine has a PDA..

He asked me to connect it to my laptop and put some stuff on it..

I tried to connect the PDA to my laptop using USB, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.. but, i couldn't connect it.. i stuck with the configuration.. the PDA is not recognized by my laptop at all.. What a shame!..

I was in a very bad situation from 2 point of views:
1. My friend: i'm ignorant and know nothing about computers and new technologies..
2. Me: i'm defeated by a PDA, i don't deserve my laptop, even sitting on a computer at all..

Anyone has a solution to this very embarrassing problem plz contact me immediately @ ms.amin[AT]gmail[DOT]com

Hurry Hurry Hurry...

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The Interview Is Done

Yesterday June 04, 2006 i did my interview as a real estate agent..

I left an excellent first impresstion on my interviewer..

I was confident, wearing an elegant suite, a talented english speaker, capable of diplomatic sentences & smiles that should be said in such situations..

I think i did what's required from me, the rest is in God's will..

Now i should wait for a call from them to tell me am i in or not..

I hate this part so much, because most of the jobs -which i applied for- stops here..
----------
There was one thing that disturbed me ALOT in the interview..
The interviewer asked me his first question: Why r u switching this HUGE, POWERFUL computer programming experience with the REAL ESTATE field?

When i heared this question, i thought to leave immediately..
Really, there's nothing on earth can force me to SWITCH! but it's a Priority ReOrganize matter.. i just wanna live well and eat well in this miserable country, this Anti-Progress country..
I can't work as a web developer, ok, but it will NEVER leave my head!

I wonder that u r asking urselves now: How did i answered him?
Well, i said: I DON'T LIKE OFFICE/DESK WORK.. I CAN'T SET IN A CLOSED PLACE 9HRs A DAY TO WORK!

I enjoyed the experience alot.. it's very possible that i won't join the company.. but i learned something new..

NB for my very close friends: DON'T WORRY FOLKS, I WON'T LEAVE PROGRAMMING..

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Tomorrow I'm Going To An Interview

Tomorrow i'm going to an interview [as Real Estate Broker]..

i hear u asking: How can a programmer turn into a real estate broker?

well,
i used to be a banker for a while..
also i used to be a computer programmer for another while more longer than the banking while.. ;)..
now i'm going to dig thru a very new path for me.. the real estate brokerage..

i love programming alot.. i'm extremely smart in it..
why do i leave programming?..
thanx alot to my BELOVED country TPYGE<..
she's the main reason for that..

i'm not happy with the new field.. but freelance work is not enough to live..
i'm an internet technology researcher too, but technology research is something we should DENY here in TPYGE<, we should think in dust, shadows, annoying each other, deny ourselves and work forever to serve the big guys who steal the country at the end..

TPYGE< Error: The job cannot be displayed, it's perminantly unavailable..

God help me don't lose my mind..

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The Fight For Freedom Begins

I was tracking the political changes [upside-downs] in Egypt the last month..

Egypt now is on fire, really..

Bloggers and Activists are beginning a war against the corrupt System[Government] in Egypt..Protesting is everywhere..

The System is trying to preserve itself by squeezing and detaining activists using inhuman ways to shut them up..

The System is torturing the activists in prisons without any trials and making fake cases against them and the innocent people without any awareness of what it's doing, it is moving very random with alot of fatal errors..

But the obvious thing here is that the System failed to do what he wanted to shut down the sounds of freedom..

The opposition is very heavy and spreading as hell.. the worldwide community knows everything with text, videos and pictures.. and people worldwide are participating also in the protesting in France, Germany, England, USA, etc..... without being detained ofcourse because they are NOT in Egypt..

The end of the corrupt System is coming very very fast..

I'll try to provide links to these subjects soon..
You can begin with:
- http://www.manalaa.net/
- http://misrdigital.blogspirit.com/

I just light up the idea in ur brain, u can dig more harder than me and find more sites by urself..

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My DSL Is Down

I couldn't blog in May because of a very annoying problem..

My DSL connection was terrible and having 200% problems..

I couldn't connect to the web, read or send my emails, read my feeds or even blogging..

After alot of investigations, i discovered that the DSL Provider company and the Router MisConfiguration is the key elements behind this problem..

The problem is still current, but will be solved in the very near future..

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The Dark Internet

The terms dark internet or dark address refer to any or all of the unreachable network hosts on the internet.

The global reach of the internet is one of its greatest charms. Some parts of the internet — which is a physical collection of computers and other hardware — are difficult or impossible to access either by accident or design.

A study of these lost sites by US researchers has investigated the extent of the "dark internet" and just what causes a net address to fall off the map.

The study found that up to 5% of the internet - potentially 100 million hosts - is completely unreachable.

The internet works because all the computers on it have an individual address.

Routers, devices that shuffle data around the internet, know where to send information because they maintain lists of these addresses.

But occasionally some of these addresses disappear and researchers at Arbor Networks have spent three years finding out why.

Results of a three-year study on internet 'reachability' have confirmed that the web is partitioned and littered with pockets of 'dark web space' which are home to some of the internet's nasties.

But more worryingly, the study found that this dark space is often used as a launch pad for fleeting internet attacks or as a spamming platform.

The most common cause of dark address space is router misconfiguration. Some military sites on the archaic MILNET address blocks also frequently fall into dark addresses. It is also speculated that hackers utilize malicious techniques to hijack private routers to either divert traffic or mask illegal activity.

Arbor found that these short-lived routing activities, like spamming, indicated a misuse of the routing infrastructure.hackers may increasingly be targeting routing infrastructures as a platform for denial of service attacks.

If a router can stake a claim on a block of address space, the rest of the net's infrastructure will simply accept it and route all traffic for that block.

Because routers aren't set up to log such incidents, these dark corners of the web represent pockets of malicious or sinister activity and "intentional misuse and co-option of the internet routing infrastructure"

Arbor also found a large number of SMTP servers, including over 40,000 unique mail sources, a number of which were associated closely with known spamming incidents. These internet nasties work by exploiting inherent weaknesses in the web's routing infrastructure.

The study reveals that all parts of the internet are not equally connected to every other part. By contrast, some networks inadvertently act as gatekeepers for sections of the internet that lie beyond them.

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